French Past Tense (Beginner's Guide)

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Written byAmélie Pinon

In French, there are primarily three main tenses used to express the past: Passé Composé, Imparfait, and Plus-Que-Parfait.

Passé Composé

The passé composé is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is akin to the English simple past and present perfect and is the most commonly used past tense in spoken French.

Formation: Auxiliary Verb (either avoir or être) + Past Participle

The auxiliary verb is conjugated in the present tense, and the past participle remains constant, with modifications for gender and number when être is used.

Example:

J'ai mangé.

I ate.

Imparfait

The imparfait is used for ongoing or habitual actions in the past, descriptions, or to set a scene. It corresponds to the English past continuous or used to.

Formation: Stem of the nous form of the present tense + Imparfait Endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)

Example:

Je mangeais.

I was eating/I used to eat.

Plus-Que-Parfait

The plus-que-parfait is used to express actions that had occurred before another past action. It is similar to the English past perfect (e.g., had eaten).

Formation: Imparfait of avoir or être + Past Participle

Example:

J'avais mangé.

I had eaten.

Conjugations

Passé Composé with Avoir

PronounAvoir (to have)Past Participle (e.g., Manger - to eat)
Jeaimangé
Tuasmangé
Il/Elleamangé
Nousavonsmangé
Vousavezmangé
Ils/Ellesontmangé

Passé Composé with Être

Note: Past participles must agree in gender and number with the subject when auxiliary être is used.

PronounÊtre (to be)Past Participle (e.g., Aller - to go)
Jesuisallé(e)
Tuesallé(e)
Il/Elleestallé(e)
Noussommesallé(e)s
Vousêtesallé(e)(s)
Ils/Ellessontallé(e)s

Imparfait

PronounManger (to eat)
Jemangeais
Tumangeais
Il/Ellemangeait
Nousmangions
Vousmangiez
Ils/Ellesmangeaient

Plus-Que-Parfait

PronounAvoir (to have)Past Participle
Jeavaismangé
Tuavaismangé
Il/Elleavaitmangé
Nousavionsmangé
Vousaviezmangé
Ils/Ellesavaientmangé

Example Sentences

J'ai visité Paris l'année dernière.

I visited Paris last year.

Il a fini ses devoirs avant de sortir.

He finished his homework before going out.

Nous étions fatigués après la randonnée.

We were tired after the hike.

Marie et Louis sont allés à la plage.

Marie and Louis went to the beach.

Quand j'étais jeune, je jouais souvent dans le parc.

When I was young, I often played in the park.

Elle lisait un livre quand le téléphone a sonné.

She was reading a book when the phone rang.

Ils avaient déjà pris le petit déjeuner avant notre arrivée.

They had already had breakfast before we arrived.

Vous aviez écrit la lettre avant de partir.

You had written the letter before leaving.

Hier, il a plu toute la journée.

Yesterday, it rained all day.

Nous regardions un film quand elle est arrivée.

We were watching a movie when she arrived.

Usage Notes

  • Passé Composé vs. Imparfait: Use the passé composé for events that start and finish in the past and the imparfait for past conditions or repetitive actions without specifying the limits of the action.
  • Être vs. Avoir in Passé Composé: Most verbs use avoir, but some verbs (mainly verbs of motion like "aller" and reflexive verbs) use être. Remember, with être, agreement in gender and number is necessary.
  • Plus-Que-Parfait Nuance: Utilize the plus-que-parfait to express an action completed before another past action was completed.

Common Mistakes & Tips

  • Mixing up passé composé and imparfait is common. Think of passé composé as the "snapshot" of an action and imparfait as the "video" of continuous action.
  • Forgetting agreement in gender and number with subjects when using être in the passé composé, especially with reflexive verbs.
  • Using incorrect auxiliary verbs; always check if a verb requires avoir or être.

Useful Vocabulary

  • Hier (yesterday)
  • Autrefois (in the past, formerly)
  • Pendant (during)
  • Déjà (already)
  • Souvent (often)
  • Quand (when)
  • Lors de (during)
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French Past Tense (Beginner's Guide)
In French, there are primarily three main tenses used to express the past: Passé Composé, Imparfait, and Plus-Que-Parfait.
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